Intel Processor History

Here's a little history of Intel and its successful clone of his abstracted.
Processor Intel processor series starting with MCS4 which is the embryo of the i4040 processor. 4-bit processor is planned to be a brain calculator, the same year (1971), Intel makes revisions to the i440. Originally commissioned by a Japanese company to manufacture calculators, it is far more powerful processors than expected, and Intel bought the rights to the Japanese company for the development and further research. This is where the precursor to the development towards a computer processor.

ย ท Next came the first 8-bit processor i8008 (1972), but somewhat less preferred because multivoltage .. then emerging i8080 processor, here there is a change that is so triple-voltage NMOS technology use (no longer PMOS), and introduces the first time the system clock generator (using an additional chip), is packaged in a 40 pins DIP Array. Then came also processor2: Motorola's MC6800 -1974, -1976 Zilog Z80 from (the two rivals), and other prosessor2 6500 series made by MOST, Rockwell, Hyundai, WDC, NCR ff. Z80 fully compatible with the i8008 only until level machine language. Language level assemblies are different (incompatible software level). I8080 processor is a processor with 8-bit internal registers, external bus 8-bit and 20-bit memory addressing (can access 1 MB of total memory), and operating mode REAL.

ย ท 77 Thn came 8085, a clock generator onprocessor, embryo bakalnya use single voltage +5 V (the implementation of s / d 486DX2, DX4 pd from +3.3 V etc.).

ย ท i8086, processor registers, 16-bit external data bus, 16-bit and 20-bit memory addressing. 78 yrs released using HMOS technology, 16-bit bus supporting components are very rare, so the price becomes very expensive.

ย ท So to answer the demands of the emerging market i8088 internal bus 16bit, 8bit external bus. So i8088 can use 8bit peripheral components used i8008. IBM chose this chip for the IBM PC because pebuatan cheaper than the i8086. If only the CEO of IBM at that time did not express the PC side is just a mere dream, of course, IBM will dominate the PC market in total today. IBM's first PC release in August 1981 has 3 versions of the IBM PC, IBM PC-Jr and IBM PC-XT (extended technology). I8088 chip is very popular, until the NEC unveiled a chip that is built based on the specifications of this chip pin, which was named V20 and V30. NEC V20 and V30 is compatible with Intel processors up to the level of assembly language (software).

8088 and 8086 chip fully compatible with programs created for the chip 8080, although there may be some programs that are made to 8086 not working on 8088 chip (bus width difference).

ย ท Then came the 80 186 and i80188 .. since i80186, processors began packaged in a PLCC, LCC, and PGA 68 feet .. i80186 physically 17 feet square with precision (PLCC / LCC) or 2 rows of foot precision (PGA) and the start of this i80186 chip DMA and interrupt controller integrated into the processor. since using the 286, IBM uses the term IBM PC-AT (Advanced Technology) and became known use of the term PersonalSystem (PS / 1). And also becoming known use 16-bit ISA slot, developed from 8-bit ISA slot, the Cloner began bustling to emerge. There are AMD, Harris & MOS fully compatible with Intel. In the 286 is becoming known use of Protected Virtual Address Mode to allow multitasking time sharing (via hardware resetting).

Year 86 IBM makes 32bit RISC processor architecture with a first-class PC. However, due to the scarcity of software, IBM RT PC is "sluggish" for enterprise-class, RISC is growing more rapidly, at least there are many vendors that are not mutually compatible.

ย ท Then to reach the lost momentum of the i8086 chip, Intel makes i80286, processor registers, 16-bit external bus, 16-bit protected mode is limited, known as Standard mode that uses 24-bit addressing memory that is able to access up to 16 MB memory. 80 286 chips is of course fully compatible with 808x series chips before, with the addition of several new instruction set. Unfortunately, this chip has a few bugs in its hardware design, thus failing to gather followers.
ย ท In 1985, Intel launched the design of an entirely new processor: i80386. A 32-bit processors, in the sense of having 32-bit registers, the external data bus 32-bit, and maintain compatibility with previous generation processors, with the additional introduction of 32-BIT PROTECTED mode for 32-bit memory addressing, is able to access a maximum of 4 GB, and do not forget extra few new instructions. This chip is started is packaged in a PGA (Pin Grid Array)
Intel Processors up to this point have not used the FPU unit internally. To support FPU, Intel launched a series of 80x87. This began to emerge since the 386 processor Cloner: AMD, Cyrix, NGEN, IT, IIT, IBM (Blue Lightning), etc., kinds-kinds:
i80386 DX (full 32 bit) i80386 SX (cheap because 16bit external) i80486 DX (int 487) i80486 SX (487 disabled) Cx486 DLC (using MB 386DX, as well as others) Cx486 SLC (using MB 386SX) i80486DX2 i80486DX2 ODP Cx486DLC2 (architecture MB 386) Cx486SLC2 (architecture MB 386) i80486DX4 i80486DX4 ODP i80486SX2 Pentium Pentium ODP
ย ท around 1989 Intel launched i80486DX. Series that are very popular, the increase of the series 80 386 series is the speed and internal FPU support schemes and clock multiplier (i486DX2 and iDX4 series), without additional new instructions. Due to public demand for cheaper processors, Intel launched a series i80486SX that no other processor FPU circuitry i80486DX that it has been disabled. As it should, i80486DX series has full compatibility with the instruction set chips previous series.
ย ท AMD and Cyrix processors i80386 then buy the design and i80486DX to make Intel-compatible processors, and they proved very successful. My opinion is what is called process of 'cloning', the same as the NEC V20 and V30 story. AMD and Cyrix did not do a vertical design process (based on a previous series chips), but based on an existing chip design to create a chip that class.
ย ท, 1993, and Intel launched the Pentium processor. Increase against i80486: PGA structure larger (higher speeds, and pipelining, WITHOUT new instructions. Nothing special about this chip, just the fact that the VLB standard created for i80486 not match (it is not compatible) so that the chipset maker forced to redesign to support PCI. Intel Pentium uses the term to "drag" his rival. Since the Pentium is the Cloner began to "fall out" stay AMD, Cyrix. Intel uses the term because Intel Pentium defeated in patent court. why numbers can not be patented , because it uses Intel released the Pentium TM. AMD + Cyrix did not want left behind, they issued a standard Pentium Rating (PR) in 1992 Intel had previously ditahun collaboration with Sun, but failed, and Intel was sued by Sun for allegedly copying the design of Sun. Since the Pentium, Intel has implemented Pipelining capabilities that typically exist diprocessor cuman RISC (RISC like SunSparc). Vesa Local Bus 32bit is the development of ISA 16bit architecture uses a fixed clock because it has its own clock generator (usually> 33MHz), while the PCI architecture is a new architecture clocknya speed followed Processor clock speed (typically half the speed of the processor speed) .. so the relative speed PCI VGA card will not be the same at different frequencies MHz processor, aka the sooner MHz processor, the faster PCI his
ย ท of 1995, the emergence of the Pentium Pro. Innovation disatukannya cache memory into the processor socket demands made 8. Pin-pin processor is divided into 2 groups: 1 group to the cache memory, and 1 group again for the processor itself, which is nothing more than pin-pin Pentium which changed its structure. Processor design allows a higher efficiency when handling 32-bit instructions, but if there is a 16-bit instruction appears in a cycle of 32-bit instructions, then the processor will make emptying the cache so that the execution process is slow. There's only one instruction is added: CMOV (Conditional MOVE).
ย ท In 1996, the Pentium MMX processor. Actually, no more than a Pentium with additional units and additional instruction set, that is MMX. Intel until now still not provide a clear definition of the term MMX. Multi Media Extension is a term used AMD. There is a limitation on the chip design is: because the MMX module so it only added to the draft without a redesign Pentium, Intel was forced to make the MMX and FPU units do the sharing, in a sense when FPU MMX active non-active, and vice versa. So the Pentium MMX in mode is not compatible with the Pentium MMX.
What about the AMD K5? AMD K5-PR75 is actually a 'clone' i80486DX with internal speed 133MHz and 33MHz bus clock. Specifications Pentium AMD gained when designing the next versions K5 and Cyrix 6x86 when designing a specification was limited to pin-pin Pentium. They were denied access to the original design. Even IBM was not able to make Intel's move (Cyrix, IBM has a contract until the year tied with 2005)
Regarding the design of the AMD K6, K6 did you know that actually the design of NexGen? As Intel states make the unit MMX, AMD is looking for design and add it to the K6 MMX. Unfortunately specification obtained MMX AMD used Intel's apparently not, since proven to have many ketidakkompatibilitas K6 MMX instruction with the Pentium MMX.
ย ท of 1997, Intel launched the Pentium II, Pentium Pro with MMX technology, which has two innovations: the cache memory does not become 1 with the core processors like the Pentium Pro, but outside the nucleus but function with the speed of the processor. Innovation is what causes the loss of deficiency Pentium Pro (problems emptying the cache) the second innovation, the SEC (Single Edge Cartidge), Why? Because we can put a Pentium Pro processor in the slot with the help of SEC special adapter. Addendum: since onprocessor L2 cache, the cache speed = speed of the processor, while for PII its cache in the "outside" (using the processor module), then the speed is half the processor speed. Mentioned also use the PII Slot 1 for several reasons:
First, to widen the data path (foot lot - also became the reason for Socket 8), processing in PPro and PII can be parallel. Slot 1 because it actually have more strength in Multithreading / Multiple Processor. (Unfortunately O / S has not been much support, dual PII benchmark processorpun by ZDBench is mostly done via the Win95 rather than via NT)
Second, lets upgrader Slot 1 without consuming a lot of space on the motherboard because if not ZIF socket 9, could be an area of Form Factor (MB) of his own this space-saving concept since 8088 is also already there. Why out also at 286 SIMM specifications? some of which is efficiency and simplification of the shape.
Third, it allows the use of the cache module that is more efficient and with high speed balanced with processor speed and once again without a lot of eating places, not like AMD / Cyrix who "forced" L1 double its cache to rival the speed of PII (because of its slow L2) so that conclusion AMD K6 and Cyrix 6x86 processor was not fast but quick in the hit cache! Because the spec Socket7 L2 cache speed will be limited only as fast as the data bus / getting slow when the data bus is busy, but next yr PII intended to operate at 100MHz (instead of 66MHz again). Point this is one reason why Intel chipset change of 430 to 440 which means also have to replace the motherboard.